Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering
This is Dr. Levy’s EML3222 System Dynamics Fall 2018 page
Florida International University is a community of
faculty, staff and students dedicated to generating and imparting knowledge
through 1) excellent teaching and research, 2) the rigorous and respectful
exchange of ideas, and 3) community service. All students should respect the
right of others to have an equitable opportunity to learn and honestly
demonstrate the quality of their learning. Therefore, all students are expected
to adhere to a standard of academic conduct, which demonstrates respect for
themselves, their fellow students, and the educational mission of the
University. All students are deemed by the University to understand that if
they are found responsible for academic misconduct, they will be subject to the
Academic Misconduct procedures and sanctions, as outlined in the Student
Handbook.
The FIU Civility Initiative is a collaborative effort by students, faculty, and staff to promote civility as a cornerstone of the FIU Community. We believe that civility is an essential component of the core values of our University. We strive to include civility in our daily actions and look to promote the efforts of others that do the same. Show respect to all people, regardless of differences; always act with integrity, even when no one is watching; be a positive contributing member of the FIU community.
Here is the (08/28/2018)
updated syllabus
for the course.
My office is in EC3442, and email address is levyez@fiu.edu
My tel. no. is 305-348-3643. My fax no. is the department fax no. is 348-1932
My Office hours: W 1-3pm, R 5-615pm, F 12-130pm
TA
information: TBD
You will be required to form a group of four students as your study group and also for your project.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Photocopies
of the 3 material selections relating to vibrations will be available from the
department office starting August 20.
Please make up your groups of four and one of you come to get the
materials. Cost is $15 per set. They will be used in the vibrations section of the course,
which will occur later on in the semester.
HWs will be assigned from this source later in the semester as well.
Here is Lecture 1 video and here are the pages related to the first lecture: page 1, page2, example, page 3, page 4, page 5
Please read Chapters 1 and 2 of the Rowell and Wormley Intro to System Dynamics book
Here is Lecture 2 video and the pages related to the video: page 6, page 7, and page 8.
Please start reading Chapters 3 and 6 of the Rowell and Wormley System Dynamics book
Lecture 3 video: At the 45 minute mark of the video we begin the topic of system dynamics by defining the through and across variables, the elemental and constitutive equations, the ideal and pure element. page 9, page10, page11, examples, page12,
HW # 1 is: Problems 1.1, 1.4, 2.2, 2.4 from your Rowell
and Wormley books. It will be due when
announced in class.
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 4 video: The video covers the rotational mechanical system elements page12, page 13, page 14, page 15, page 16, page 17,
Here is the material that will go with Lecture 5 video: The information on electrical elements begins at the end of page 17 and continues on page 18, page 19, page 20,
The information on electrical elements: capacitors, inductors and resistors are like electrical “masses”, “springs” and “dampers”. Please read and understand. The material will not be covered in depth in class but you will be responsible for it. I will skim over the material to cover the main elements, transformers and transducers. Just note the similar way we can describe electrical elements.
Continue reading chapter 6 on
transducers in one energy domain (transformers) and transducers in multi energy
domains (transducers)
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Lesson 6 continues the materials
discussed in Lecture 5: examples
with electrical elements, examples
with electrical elements 2, page 21,
Here are the pages that go with Lecture 6 on Fluid systems: page 22, page 23, page 24, page 25, page 26, page 27,
Here is the material that will go with Lecture 7 video that covers more on the fluid systems and also begins thermal systems as well: page 26, page 27, page 28, page 29, page 30,
Here is the material that will go with Lecture 8 video: page 30, page 31, page 32, page 33, page 34, example solution
Please read chapters 3 and 4 of Rowell and Wormley book on system graphs. We will start talking about those during the next lecture.
Here are the Problems 1.1, 1.4, 2.2, 2.4 and the solutions: problem 1,
problem 2a 2b,
problem 3a 3b,
problem 4
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 9 video: page 36, page 37, page 38, page 39, page 40, page 41, page 42. This material deals with system graphs and the governing equations for through variables and across variables.
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 10 video: page 42, page 43, page 44, page 44solution, page 45-46 examples, page 45-46solns. Here is the material that goes with Lecture 10partb video: page 47, page 48, page 49,
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 11 video: page 49, page 50, and page 51. Here is the material that goes with Lecture 11 part b video: page 52, page 53, and page 54. The last portion deals with an example that involves a transformer and how to represent it in a system graph.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Here are your choices for project (the ones with
strikethrough are already taken):
Foot
Driven Potter’s wheel
Normal
two wheel Bicycle operation
Simplified
Operation of a grandfather’s clock
car braking system (from foot brake to wheel) as
mentioned in class
electric shaver
Foot
driven paddle wheel boat
animal powered grinding mill (used in 3rd world countries to grind wheat)
water powered grinding mill (as found in the
northeast in the late 1700’s-early 1900’s)
Windmill
operation/Wind turbine operation
windshield wiper operation (check patent to
understand how it works)
manual garage door system where human pulls on a
chain to lift the door to the garage
car steering system (steering wheel to tire
wheels) --torque you apply to steering wheel is input
manually operated dumbwaiter systems
ANY OTHER ACCEPTABLE PROJECT I APPROVE
Please note that choice of projects are first come first served basis.
Project Information:
You will be expected to work as
a part of a team of 4. We have 48
students in the class-therefore there should be 12 projects (12x4). PLEASE SEND ME THE NAMES OF THE 4 STUDENTS
and YOUR TOP 3 PROJECTS IN CASE YOU ARE CLOSED OUT OF THE ONE YOU WANT
You will be expected to produce
and turn in a project report by Nov. 29 in a form similar to your lab reports. The report
will include:
·
An introduction detailing what you are planning to model, who your team
members are and what they have contributed to the project;
·
Modeling section in which you give the system you are investigating and the
modeling of your system, and the assumptions you are making. You will show the elemental equations, nodal
equations, path (loop) equations, the state variables, sources, and the state
variable equations and the matrix form of those equations. You will be expected
to explain the expressions for the constants you use in your elemental
equations—this should come from the simplifying assumptions you make.
·
A results section in which you detail the numerical equations you will be
using to solve the problem, the parameters you will be using in your equations
and where those parameters have been obtained, the graphs of the state
variables as a function of time, the outputs you want to find as a function of
time;
·
and finally a
Discussion of your results. Also discuss the step-size
you use and its effect on the accuracy of the results
·
What
have you learned from the project and what would you suggest for future work to
understand the results more fully.
You will need to vary at
least 3 parameters to see the effect of parameter
variation on your solutions. Your
discussion section should be in depth—how each parameter change affects the
overall results. All graphs should be
properly labeled (units, what are the parameters tested).
Additional
to the parameter variations above, you will be expected to vary the source
variables.
In
all your projects you probably have one source (maybe more). Please take
one of the sources in the form A + B sin(omega*t)
where A is the amplitude of the source strength and B is the variation in the
source strength and omega is the frequency of the variation. Please
vary at least two of these variables; for instance you can take B as being
0.1 A, 0.3 A; or omega as being some value between 0.5 pi to
2 pi.
PROJECTS ARE DUE TO MY OFFICE
(EC3442) BY Nov. 29 by 3pm. YOU MUST GIVE ME
THE PROJECTS, NOT SLIDE THEM UNDER MY DOOR.
ITEMS SLID UNDER MY DOOR WILL NOT BE EVALUATED AND THE TEAM THAT DOES
WILL GET A ZERO; SO PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS.
Please note that our first quiz will be
on Wednesday, October 10 and will cover the similarities and differences
between systems we have discussed. The
first quiz will test you: regarding thru, across variables, integrated thru
and integrated across variables, energy expressions for the different types of
systems we have discussed (linear mechanical, rotational mechanical,
electrical, fluid and thermal).
You will not be allowed any
aids. The quiz will require you to
remember things like definitions of transformers and transducers and the
difference between a regular transducer and a gyrating transducer, major
differences between thermal systems and the other systems.
Please note that the first exam will be on October 25. In the exam you will be given a system and you will be asked to derive the elemental equations (including transformer/transducer equations if any), the node equations (continuity), the path equations (loop, compatibility), and also some if not all the state equations (which will be covered shortly after system graphs are completed). Formula sheets will be allowed and will be discussed as we get closer to the exam date.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Please do problems 4.1, 4.2, 4.5
and 4.11 in your system dynamics books.
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 12 video: page 54, These are the solution to page 54 top and bottom problems page 55, page 56. We also cover page 57, page 58,
We now begin talking about state equations.
I AM INCLUDING HERE TWO PDF FILES THAT MIGHT HELP YOU: ONE IS ON LINEAR GRAPHS AND ONE IS ON STATE EQUATIONS. THESE DOCUMENTS ARE THE PRECURSOR DOCUMENTS THAT LED TO THE BOOK SYSTEM DYNAMICS, AN INTRODUCTION, BY ROWELL AND WORMLEY. You can find more examples for deriving state equations. Please note that the figure numbers used in the file can be found at the end of the file.
You are also suggested to
develop the state equations for three problems -- the two problems we did
(given on page 54, 55 and 56 of the notes on the website) and problem 6.15 in
your book.
We now begin talking about state equation solutions. This solution methodology depends on understanding matrices. For those who need a review of matrices, here it is.
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 13 video: discussed state variables and how to get the state variable equations and how to solve state variable equations- page 57, page 58, page 59, page 60,
As a review of system
graph and state equation derivations we look at this problem.
We also show the state equation solution which is given in the top half
of the page.
Here is the material that goes with Lecture
14 video: We discuss the following
system including getting the system graph. We also show the state
equation solution which is given in the bottom
half of the page. We have given a
handout for the system graph for a fluid system connected to a
piston/spring. We will derive the state
equations. Also, prob. 7.29 on that
sheet will be discussed and one of the state equations will be derived but you
are to derive the remaining state equations.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
The first exam date was announced as 10/25 in which you will be given a system and you will be asked to derive the elemental equations (including transformer/transducer equations if any), the node equations (continuity), the path equations (loop, compatibility), and also some if not all the state equations. Formula sheets allowed will be discussed as we get closer to the exam date.
HERE are the solutions
to PROBLEMS 4.2, 4.3, 4.6d and 4.11d
Here is the material that goes with Lecture 14-15 video: Halfway through the video we start discussing the numerical solution of the state variable differential equations given in page 61, page 62. This material will NOT be part of the first exam but may be part of the second exam.
We continue our discussion of numerical solutions of the state equations in Lecture 16. The rest of the numerical solution of sets of first order differential equations will be discussed. A handout will be given in class on the Runge-Kutta method. The handout is from Applied Numerical Methods by James, Wilford and Smith, pages 339-345 and 351-353. We will look at several examples and how they could be used in the different numerical methods discussed, namely: Euler, Modified Euler, Runge-Kutta Second Order method, Runge-Kutta Fourth Order Method
We continue our discussion of numerical solutions of the state equations in Lecture 17. We will work on several problems (4th order and 2nd order RK methods).
Please note that the first exam will be on October 25. In the exam you will be given a system and you will be asked to derive the elemental equations (including transformer/transducer equations if any), the node equations (continuity), the path equations (loop, compatibility), and also some if not all the state equations (which will be covered shortly after system graphs are completed). Formula sheets will be allowed and will be discussed as we get closer to the exam date.
We begin the vibrations portion of the course. Here is Lecture 18 video: equation of motion for linear mechanical, linear rotational, inverted pendulum
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Lecture 19: 2nd examination on system graphs. We continue with the vibration of undamped SDOF systems
Here is Lecture 20 video: equivalent springs both linear and rotational, springs in parallel and series
Please start reading the first and second section-Chapter 1 and 2 materials from the materials obtained from the office manager (EC3475). I will be assigning examples out of those materials. So it would be to your benefit to come pick up the copies for your group.
Out of the photocopies of the first
two selections do the following:
Problems 1.7 to 1.10, 1.13, 1.16, 1.19, 1.22, 1.26, 1.27, 1.29, 1.31,
1.32, and 1.36. Solutions will be posted
in a week’s time.
Please make sure that you have the following information about second order systems, namely:
where g is the
acceleration of gravity and Dst is the
static displacement of the system; that is, weight of the system = k*Dst.
Please use the Greek capital letter D for the
static displacement instead of the normal d, as the
letter d is to be used for the logarithmic decrement,
and they should not be confused.
And for systems with damping included: =2ςωn and =ς and Ccrit=2√mk =2mωn =2k/ωn
Lecture 21: 2nd examination is announced for Nov 8 and will be on numerical methods. It will cover the numerical solution of state equations. You will be allowed pens, pencils, straight edge, erasers and your calculator. You will be allowed three 8.5 x 11 formula sheets. Please ensure your formula sheets include the formulas for the Euler, Modified Euler, Runge Kutta 2nd order, Runge Kutta 2nd order Midpoint, 4th order Runge Kutta and how to handle numerically the solution of more than one state variable equation. Any solutions found on your formula sheets will have the formula sheet confiscated.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Here is Lecture 22 video: equivalent springs and masses using equivalent potential and kinetic energies
Please review the videos for Lessons 18, 20, 22 as we will be doing similar type problems for you to understand the method of solution.
Here is Lecture 23 video: we look at damped systems, derive equations and talk about overdamped, critically damped and underdamped systems
Please
note that for underdamped systems: the logarithmic decrement, δ, equals where ζ is the damping ratio, C/Crit.
Also we show that δ =
(1/N) * ln(xo/xN)
= (1/N) * ln(xi/xi+N)
where N = the
number of cycles between the first and last measurement. x here is the
displacement and the subscript “o” means the first measurement value. The formula also applies between any N
cycles, meaning starting from cycle i and going to
cycle i+N.
We will discuss the forced vibration of systems
and cover the topic of resonance.
Here are solutions to some of the problems… problems 1-7 and 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10
Here are solutions for problems 1-13a and 1-13b, 1-29, 1-30, 1-35 and 1-35b
Here is Lecture 24 video: we look at underdamped systems, derived logarithmic decrement and talk about two problems.
Look at Problems 2.1-2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.17 to 2.19, 2.28, 2.38, 2.45, 2.52, 2.60, 2.80, 2.82, 2.83, and 2.97 in the handouts obtained from the department.
The third exam is announced for Nov. 21. You will be allowed 3 8.5 x11 sheets of
formulas. The topic of the exam
includes: vibrations of undamped SDOF system; how to determine k equivalent
(look at the Cochin handout) and equivalent masses based on where they are
placed using equivalent energies; damped vibration systems with coulomb or
viscous damping; systems that are overdamped,
critically damped and underdamped. Be able to derive equations of motion.
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Please make sure that you have the following information about second order systems, namely:
where g is the
acceleration of gravity and Dst is the
static displacement of the system; that is, weight of the system = k*Dst.
Please use the Greek capital letter D for the
static displacement instead of the normal d, as the
letter d is to be used for the logarithmic decrement, and they should not be
confused.
And for systems with damping included: =2ςωn and =ς and Ccrit=2√mk =2mωn =2k/ωn
Please
note that for underdamped systems: the logarithmic decrement, δ, equals ,
where ζ
is the damping ratio, C/Ccrit. Also ζ=δ / sqrt(4π2+δ2),
which for z <0.3 can be approximated by
Also δ = (1/N) * ln(xo/xN) = (1/N) * ln(xi/xi+N)
where N = the
number of cycles between the first and the N+1st measurement. Here x is the displacement and the subscript “o” means
the initial measurement value.
The formula also applies between any N cycles; meaning, starting from
cycle i and going to cycle i+N.
Please
make sure you review the videos for Lessons 18-24 as they cover the materials
for this last exam.
We will discuss the forced vibration of systems
and cover the topic of resonance.
Here are solutions for problems similar to 2-4, 2-6 and 2-7 in the vibrations handout obtained from the department office manager. Problem 2-7 requires moving the springs to the location of the mass.
Here are problems 2-17, 2-18, 2-19. In problem 2-17 both springs see the same displacement. For 2-18 use the equivalent k for extension of a wire.
Here are problems like 2-28, 2-38
Here is the rest of 2-38, and problems 2-68, 2-79
Here is problem 2-45
Here is problem 2-60
Here, the second problem is like problem 2.80. Note, overshoot represents the maximum displacement above the x=0 line, i.e., when the velocity=0.
Here are problems the first two are like 2.83, 2.97
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.
Lecture 25: We begin by discussing the case of forced
vibrations. The following problems deal
with forced vibrations from Chapter 3 of
the handouts obtained from the department office manager. Here are problems
3.1, 3.2, 3.8, 3.10. Also try problems 3.25, 3.26—No solutions will
be given for these…
Here
is a video related to beats,
undamped forced motion
REMINDER: PROJECTS ARE DUE TO MY OFFICE (EC3442)
BY Nov. 29 by 3pm. YOU MUST GIVE ME
THE PROJECTS, NOT SLIDE THEM UNDER MY DOOR.
ITEMS PLACED UNDER MY DOOR WILL NOT BE EVALUATED AND THE TEAM THAT
DOES WILL GET A ZERO -- SO PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS.
Lecture 26: third examination was given and we continued discussing forced vibration, especially the force that is transmitted to the support.
Lecture 27: we start discussion of the rotating unbalance situation and show that the equation of motion is very similar to that for the system under forced motion if F(t) =moewf2 sin wf t
Lecture 28: we continue
discussing rotating unbalance. Here is a video
related to rotating
unbalance
This
material and all the linked materials provided, except where stated
specifically, are copyrighted © Cesar Levy 2018 and is provided to the students
of this course only. Use by any other
individual without written consent of the author is forbidden.